V is the air volume inside the rocket body P is the air pressure inside the rocket body The figure below shows a schematic for this analysis. The analysis will be somewhat advanced, but it's a means to an end in which the end result will help you build and set up a water rocket that will reach a maximum height in the air. Next I will get into some of the physics of water rockets. Water rocket enthusiasts have created all sorts of amazing water rocket designs, including this one shown in the video below which is a two-stage water rocket. When the bottom nozzle is opened the internal air pressure forces the water out of this nozzle at high speed causing the rocket to shoot straight up at high speed. The way a water rocket works is by filling it up partially with water and then pressurizing the inside with air. This upward force causes the rocket to shoot upward at high speed. They work based on a simple physics concept in which water is forced out the bottom of the rocket by air pressure, and in doing so exerts an upward force pushing up on the rocket (Newton's third law). In particular, it includes, where available, estimated blast and fragmentation radius for munition types, estimated circular error probable figures, and other measureable effects.Water rockets are fun toys for people of all ages, even adults. For each weapon category identified, Part 2 provides a description of the technical features relevant to the effects of the weapon. Part 2 of the report provides generic information for the broad categories of weapon systems which deliver explosive payloads – mortars, rocket artillery, unguided aerial bombs, and other types. It also addresses concepts such as accuracy, fuzing, the targeting process, collateral damage estimations, battle damage assessments, and more. Part 1 of the report examines the design and effects of explosive munitions. It is meant to be a general reference document, and it reflects the analysis and views of the authors and not necessarily those of the ICRC. The purpose of the report is to provide background information on the technical characteristics of explosive weapons and other factors relevant to their effects. The report was commissioned from Armament Research Services (ARES) by the ICRC, as part of the ICRC's work to foster better understanding of the effects of explosive weapons when used in populated areas. The weapon systems reviewed in this report are frequently encountered on contemporary battlefields, or else commonly held by States. The focus of the report is on conventional explosive weapons the use of which is not specifically prohibited or otherwise limited by international law (contrary to weapons such as landmines and cluster munitions, which do have specific restrictions imposed by international law). The report provides an overview of the types of explosive weapons that may be prone to wide-area effects, as well as the factors and variables that determine their effects. These categories of explosive weapons having wide-area effects include large bombs and missiles indirect fire weapon systems such as mortars, rockets and artillery guns and multi-barrel rocket launchers. Explosive weapons might affect a wide area because of the large destruction radius of the individual munition used, the inaccuracy of the delivery system, and/or the delivery of multiple munitions over a wide area. The explosive weapons that raise specific concerns when used in populated areas are those having wide-area effects. Section 4 of the report examines the effects of explosive munitions.Įxplosive weapons use the detonation of a high-explosive substance to create blast, and commonly fragmentation, effects. Section 3 of the report examines the accuracy and precision of indirect-fire systems, and the factors that affect this. Section 2 discusses the primary considerations affecting the employment of indirect-fire systems, including their role, operational considerations and doctrine. Section 1 of the report provides a brief developmental history of indirect-fire weapon systems, and gives generic information for the broad categories of indirect-fire artillery systems – guns, mortars, and rockets. The weapon systems reviewed in this report are frequently encountered on contemporary battlefields, and commonly held by state armed forces and non-state armed groups. The report addresses a range of conventional artillery weapons firing explosive munitions, the use of which is not specifically prohibited or otherwise limited by international law (contrary to weapons such as landmines and cluster munitions, which do have specific restrictions imposed by international law). The purpose of this report is to provide background information on the technical characteristics of indirect-fire weapon systems, examine how and when they are employed, address and explain issues regarding their accuracy and precision, and describe their effects.
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